Write a two-page descriptive essay about biopsychosocial factors related to late and very late adulthood and its impact in their biopsychosocial development. Be sure to use APA style, include bibliographic citations and references.
Biopsychosocial Factors Related to Late and Very Late Adulthood: An Impact on Biopsychosocial Development
Introduction
Late and very late adulthood are significant stages in the human life cycle, characterized by numerous biopsychosocial changes and challenges. This essay explores the biopsychosocial factors related to late and very late adulthood and their impact on the biopsychosocial development of individuals. The term “biopsychosocial” signifies that the development of an individual is influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors (Engel, 1977). Understanding these factors and their influences is crucial for comprehending the experiences and needs of older adults and developing interventions and strategies to promote their well-being.
Biological Factors
Biological factors play a pivotal role in the development and aging process of individuals in late and very late adulthood. The aging process involves physiological changes, such as a decline in sensory and cognitive functions. For instance, older adults may experience a decrease in visual acuity, hearing capacity, and mobility. These biological changes can affect various aspects of an individual’s life, including their ability to engage in daily activities, communicate effectively, and maintain independence.
Furthermore, the aging process is linked to the increased risk of chronic health conditions and disease. Conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and arthritis become more prevalent in late and very late adulthood (Kirchhoff, 2019). These chronic health conditions can impact an individual’s physical well-being, limit their mobility, and require ongoing medical attention. Consequently, individuals in late and very late adulthood may experience changes in their lifestyle, such as adjustments in their diet, exercise routines, and medication management.
Psychological Factors
Psychological factors also have a significant impact on the biopsychosocial development of individuals in late and very late adulthood. As individuals age, they may experience changes in their cognitive functioning, including memory loss, processing speed, and executive functions (Salthouse, 2009). These changes can directly impact an individual’s daily life, their ability to maintain social relationships, and overall quality of life.
Moreover, individuals in late and very late adulthood may encounter psychological challenges, such as adjusting to retirement, coping with loss and grief, and managing existential concerns. Retirement is a significant life transition that can result in changes to one’s social network, daily routines, and sense of identity (Wang & Henkens, 2020). Retirement can have both positive and negative outcomes, as individuals can experience newfound freedom and opportunities, but they may also struggle with a loss of purpose and social connectedness.
Additionally, older adults often face the loss of loved ones and peers, leading to grief and bereavement. The grieving process can impact an individual’s mental health and overall well-being, requiring support and interventions to facilitate coping and adjustment (Stroebe, Schut, & Stroebe, 2017). Lastly, individuals in late and very late adulthood may grapple with existential concerns, such as the meaning and purpose of life, mortality, and the legacy they leave behind. These psychological challenges can have a profound impact on an individual’s emotional well-being and overall quality of life.
Social Factors
Social factors also significantly influence the biopsychosocial development of individuals in late and very late adulthood. The social context in which individuals age plays a crucial role in shaping their experiences and opportunities for growth and engagement. Social support, in the form of family, friends, and community resources, is vital for the well-being of older adults (Chou et al., 2020). Social support can provide individuals with emotional support, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging and connectedness.
Conversely, social isolation and loneliness have detrimental effects on an individual’s biopsychosocial development (Victor et al., 2020). Older adults who lack social connections may experience negative health outcomes, including increased risk of depression, cognitive decline, and mortality (Perissinotto, Cenzer, & Covinsky, 2012). The loss of social roles and networks, such as through retirement or the death of spouse, can contribute to social isolation and loneliness. Therefore, promoting social engagement and connections among older adults is vital for their overall well-being and biopsychosocial development.
